References
Arab hosseini, n. (1399). Identifying the mixed requirements of the smart policy and designing a toolbox to effectively support its implementation.
Banafi, M., & Ghorashi, S. M. (2020). The Role of Soft Instruments in Creating Hard Consequences in Governance: A Link between Public Policy and Law Case Study: Trafficking in Person Report. Journal of Iranian Public Administration Studies 3.4, 127-152. doi:10.22034/JIPAS.2021.314720.1286
Blomqvist, P. (2022). Soft and hard governing tools. Handbook on theories of governance. Edward Elgar Publishing, 285-296. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800371972.00035
Brandsen, T., Booger, M., & Tops, P. (2006). Soft governance, hard consequences: The ambiguous status of unofficial guidelines. Public Administration Review 66.4, 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00615.x
Burke, D. C., & Saramago, A. (2018). Singapore's Use of Education as a Soft Power Tool in Arctic Cooperation. Asian Survey 58.5, 920-941. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.5.920
Conzelmann. (2008). Beyond the carrot and the stick: State reporting procedures in the World. London: Routledge.
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining Gamification. Conference: Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, (pp. 9-15). MindTrek. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
Hart, N. M. (2020). A “Legal Eccentricity”: The European Parliament, its Non-binding Resolution, and the Legitimacy of the EU’s Trade Agreements. University of Bologna Law Review, 5(2), 327–361. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2531-6133/12291
Jacobsson, K. (2004). Soft regulation and the subtle transformation of states: the case of EU employment policy. Journal of European Social Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928704046878
Joachim J, Reinalda. B & Verbeek, B. (2008). "Chapter 1: International organizations and implementation: Pieces of the puzzle. " International Organizations and Implementation. Enforcers, Managers, Authorities?.  pp 3–18.   https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203936184
Jalal, M., & Mosleh, E. (2018). Soft technology is an essential tool for effective governance. The first conference on governance and public policy. Tehran. doi:https://civilica.com/doc/801015/
Moos, L. (2009). Hard and soft governance: The journey from transnational agencies to school leadership. European Educational Research Journal 8.3 , 397-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2009.8.3.397
Najafi Rastaghi , H., & ArabHosseini, N. (1401). Meta-synthesis of "soft technology"studies: moving towards a new approach to solving social and governance problems. Science and technology policy, 86-107. doi:20.1001.1.24767220.1401.12.3.4.3
Pierre, J., & Peters, B. G. (2000). Governance, Politics and the State. SPRINGER.
Schemmel, J. (2016). The ESA Guidelines: Soft Law and Subjectivity in the European Financial Market—Capturing the Administrative Influence. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Vol. 23 #2 , 455-503. https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.23.2.0455
Senden, L. A. (2005). Soft law, self-regulation and co-regulation in European law: Where do they meet? Electronic Journal of Comparative Law 9.1. https://ssrn.com/abstract=943063
Sossin, L & Smith, C. (2003). “hard choices and soft law: ethical codes, policy guidelines and the role of the courts in regulating government” ALBERTA LAW REVIEW, 867-893. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1344
Snyder, F. (1994). Soft Law and Institutional Practice in the European Community. In The Construction of Europe. (pp. 197-225). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8368-8_10
Tallacchini, M. (2009). “Governing by Values. EU Ethics: Soft Tool, Hard Effects, ” Minerva, Special Issue: Governance of and Through Science and Numbers Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 281-306, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821499
Trubek, D. M., & Trubek, L. G. (2007). New Governance & Legal Regulation: Complementarity, Rivalry, and Transformation. Columbia Journal of European Law. [Link]
Tsakatika, M. (2007). A parliamentary dimension for EU soft governance. European Integration 29.5, 549-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036330701694873
Van Gossum, P, Arts, B & Verheyen, K. (2012). “Smart regulation”: Can policy instrument design solve forest policy aims of expansion and sustainability in Flanders and the Netherlands? Forest Policy and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.08.010
Wurzel, R. K., Zito, A., & Jordan., A. (2013). From government towards governance? Exploring the role of soft policy instruments. German Policy Studies/Politikfeldanalyse.
Zhouying, j. (2013). Global Technological Change From Hard Technology to Soft Technology. 2nd edition. Intellect Ltd.
Abdolhamid, M., Abdolhoseinzadeh, M., Esmaeili Givi, M., Saberi, M. K., Mirezati, S. Z., & Amiri, M. R. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of global scientific research on Public Administration: 1923-2020. International Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM), 21(1), 75-96.  https://doi.org/10.22034/ijism.2022.1977740.0
Abdolhoseinzadeh, M., Sanayi, M ,. Zolfagharzadeh, M.M,. (2017). The concept of open Government data policy and explain the advantages and benefits of the different policy fields. Strategic Studies of public policy, 7(22), 55-74. [Link]
Ansell, C., & Torfing, J. (2022). Introduction to the Handbook on Theories of Governance. In handbook on theory of governance (pp. 1-16). Edward Elgar.
Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (2002). Positive and negative feedback in politics. Policy dynamics, 1, 3-28. [Link] 
Bhandari, A., & Badre, D. (2018). Learning and transfer of working memory gating policies. Cognition, 172, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.12.001
Blomqvist, P. I. (2016). Soft and hard governing tools. In e. C. Ansell and J. Torfing,, Handbook on Theories of Governance. (pp. 267-278). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782548508.00033
Borrás, S., & Conzelmann, T. (2007). Democracy, Legitimacy and Soft Modes of Governance in the EU: The Empirical Turn. Journal of European Integration 29(5), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330701694865
Capano, G., & Howlett, M. (2020). The Knowns and Unknowns of Policy Instrument Analysis: Policy Tools and the Current Research Agenda on Policy Mixes. SAGE Open, 10(1).  https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900568
Capano, G., & Lippi, A. (2016). How policy instruments are chosen: patterns of decision makers’ choices. policy sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-016-9267-8
Charron, N. (2021). Measuring the unmeasurable? Taking stock of QoG measures. In The Oxford Handbook of the Quality of Government (pp. 93-114). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198858218.013.6
Dong, L. (2015). Public Administration Theories Instrumental and Value Rationalities. 1st Edition, New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 
Egeberg, M., Gornitzka, Å., & Trondal, J. (2022). Organization theory. In hand book on theories of governance (pp. 29-42). edward elgar.
Elhauge, E. (2008). Statutory default rules: how to interpret unclear legislation. Harvard University Press.
Fani, A., Ghorbanloo, M., Danaei Fard, H., & Delkhah, J. (1396). Designing a framework for choosing a mix of public policy tools under study: Education. Public administration perspective, 41-64. doi:https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22516069.1396.8.4.2.6
Gash, A. (2022). Collaborative governance. In handbook on theories of governance (pp. 497-509). edward elgar.
Gersen, J. E., & Posner, E. A. (2008). Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice. Stanford Law Review, 573-627.  http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40379694
Grazianoa, P. R., & Halpernb, C. (2015). EU governance in times of crisis: Inclusiveness and effectiveness beyond the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ law divide. Comparative European Politics, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2015.6
Ghorbaizadeh, v., Motazedian, R., Hoseinpoor, d., & Rahbar, A. (2021). Designing a Public Participation Pattern in Policy Making with a Multi-Method Approach. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 11(39), 68-92. [Link] 
Héritier, A. (2002). New Modes of Governance in Europe: Policy-Making without Legislating? Common Goods: Reinventing European and International Governance, , 185-206. [Link]
Hikka, S., & Christopher, P. (1997). Trajectories of reform: Public management change in four countries. public money and management, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9302.00051
Hood, C. (1983). The Tools of Government. Chatham, NJ: Chatham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17169-9
Hosseinpour, D., Abdolhosseinzadeh, M., Aslipour, H., & Ghrbanizadeh, V. (1401). Visualize the Dimensions and Characteristics of Policy instrument and Provide policy Recommendations to Improve the national policy system . Strategic Studies of Public Policy , 2-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.22034/sspp.2022.251746
Howlett, M. (2011). Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments. London and New York: Routledge. 
Howlett, M. (2017). "Chapter 6: Policy tools and their role in policy formulation: dealing with procedural and substantive instruments". In Handbook of Policy Formulation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved Apr 25, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719326.00012 
Jones, B. D. (2001). Politics and the architecture of choice: Bounded rationality and governance. University of Chicago Press.
Kamali, Y. (1396). THE METHODOLOGY OF META SYNTHESIS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY. 721-736. doi:10.22059/jpq.2017.62861
Kenis, P. (2022). Network. In handbook on theories of governance (pp. 149-157). edward elgar.
Le Galès, P. (2011). Policy instruments and governance. In The SAGE handbook of governance (pp. 142-159). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Lowens, E. (2023). Free-baiting: policy applications for freeness removal and the zero price effect. Behavioural Public Policy, 7(2), 518-531. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556904
Maggetti, M. (2015). Hard and Soft Governance. In K. L. al, Research Methods in European Union Studies (pp. 252-265). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316967_16
Maher, I. (2021). Revisiting soft law. governance, regulation and networks." EU Soft Law in the Member States: Theoretical Findings and Empirical Evidence. Hart Publishing, Oxford.
Mattila, H., & Heinilä, A. (2022). Soft spaces, soft planning, soft law: Examining the institutionalisation of city-regional planning in Finland. Land Use Policy, 106-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106156
McDonnell, L. M. (1987). Getting the Job Done: Alternative Policy Instruments.. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,, 133-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/1163726
Nahari, G., & Ben‐Shakhar, G. (2011). Psychophysiological and behavioral measures for detecting concealed information: The role of memory for crime details. Psychophysiology, 48(6), 733-744. [Link] 
O'hagan, E. M. (2004). Too soft to handle? A reflection on soft law in Europe and accession states. Journal of European Integration 26.4, 379-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/0703633042000306535
Olejniczak, K., Śliwowski, P. & Leeuw, F. (2020) Comparing Behavioral Assumptions of Policy Tools: Framework for Policy Designers, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 22:6, 498-520, https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1808465
Peters, A., & Pagotto, I. (2006). Soft law as a new mode of governance: a legal perspective. NEWGOV: New Modes of Governance. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1668531
Philipov, D., Liefbroer, A. C., & Klobas, J. E. (Eds.). (2015). Reproductive decision-making in a macro-micro perspective. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Radnor, Z., Osborne, S., & Glennon, R. (2022). Public management theory. In Handbook on Theories of Governance (pp. 43-56). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
Sandelowski, M & Barroso, J. (2007). Handbook for Synthesizing. Qualitative Research.. New York, NY, USA.: Springer,.
Senden, L. (2013). Soft Post‐Legislative Rulemaking: A Time for More Stringent Control. European Law Journal 19.1, 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12013
Sene, C. (2020). Fostering the Participation of Companies in Standardization: A Soft Law Instrument to Reduce Risks–The Concept of Student Standardization Societies. In Shaping the Future Through Standardization (pp. 252-278). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2181-6.ch010
Shaffer, G., & Pollack, M. A. (2012). Hard and Soft Law: What Have We Larned?. Legal Studies Research Paper Series Research Paper No. 12-17 , 1-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2044800
Shelton, D. (2000). Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-binding Norms in the International Legal System. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270989.001.0001
Skjærseth, J. B., Stokke, O. S., & Wettestad, J. (2006). Soft Law, Hard Law, and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms. Global Environmental Politics 6(3), 104-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2006.6.3.104
Straßheim, H. (2020). The Rise and Spread of Behavioral Public Policy: An Opportunity for Critical Research and Self-Reflection. International Review of Public Policy, 115-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/irpp.897
Wang, F., Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. G. (2017). Strategic behavior and social optimization in a double-ended queue with gated policy. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 114, 264-273.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.10.011
Yasuda, J. (2022). Regulatory governance. In handbook on theories of governance (pp. 472-484). edward elgar.
Zamir, Eyal, Default Rules: Theoretical Foundations (March 25, 2021). Research Handbook on the Philosophy of Contract Law (Mindy Chen-Wishart and Prince Saprai eds., Edward Elgar Publishing, forthcoming 2022), Hebrew University of Jerusalem Legal Research Paper No. 21-19 .  http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3829366 
Zehavi, Amos. (2012). New Governance and Policy Instruments: Are Governments Going "Soft"?. The Oxford Handbook of Governance. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560530.013.0017 
Zekiri, J., & Nedelea, A. (2012). Strategies for achieving competitive advantage. The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration, 11(2), 63-73. [Link]