Presenting a Model for Internationalization of Electronic Businesses in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student, Department of Entrepreneurship Management, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Institute of Fundamental Studies of Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University

3 Member of the Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran

Abstract

The current business environment has changed dramatically over the past few years. Major transformations were underway before the global pandemic, but with the outbreak of the Corona virus and the subsequent global recession, the business landscape has shifted dramatically towards electronicization. Therefore, achieving a model that can help the growth of Iranian businesses in this new environment; It is important. For this purpose, the model of internationalization of Iranian electronic businesses has been presented in this research. This qualitative research has been conducted with thematic analysis method and Iranian electronic businesses active at different international levels (from indirect export to establishing a production center in the target country) have been selected as the statistical population of the research. Based on the research results; First, the institutional components, industrial and organizational environment effective on internationalization are identified, then the internationalization strategies are specified and then the internationalization model is explained. Finally, policy recommendations and practical suggestions are provided based on the research results.

Keywords

Main Subjects


References
Amini, A., & Fatahi, H. R. (2018). [Designing a model for the internationalization of SME’s in nano-based knowledge companies (Persian)]. Journal of Business Management, 10(3), 583-602. [DOI:10.22059/JIBM.2018.253543.2972]
Bertello, A., Ferraris, A., Bresciani, S., & De Bernardi, P. (2020). Big data analytics (BDA) and degree of internationalization: The interplay between governance of BDA infrastructure and BDA capabilities. Journal of Management and Governance, 25, 1035-1055. [DOI:10.1007/s10997-020-09542-w]
Brouthers, K. D., Nakos, G., & Dimitratos, P. (2015). SME entrepreneurial orientation, international performance, and the moderating role of strategic alliances. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1161-1187. [DOI:10.1111/etap.12101]
Barney, J. B. (1991). Special theory forum the resource-based model of the firm: Origins, implications, and prospects. Journal of Management, 17(1), 97-98. [DOI:10.1177/014920639101700107]
Cavusgil, S. T., Van Der Vegt, S., Dakhli, M., De Farias, S., Doria, E. F., & Eroglu, S., et al. (2021). International business in an accelerated VUCA world: Trends, disruptions, and coping strategies. Rutgers Business Review, 6(3), 219-243. [Link]
Chan, C. S., & Pattnaik, C. (2021). Coevolution of home country support and internationalization of emerging market firms. International Business Review, 30(4), 101809. [DOI:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101809]
Cassetta, E., Monarca, U., Dileo, I., Di Berardino, C., & Pini, M. (2020). The relationship between digital technologies and internationalisation. Evidence from Italian SMEs. Industry and Innovation, 27(4), 311-339. [DOI:10.1080/13662716.2019.1696182]
Coupey, E. (2005). Digital business: Concepts and strategies. New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315506418]
Coviello, N., & Munro, H. (1997), Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(4), 361-386. [DOI:10.1016/S0969-5931(97)00010-3]
Coyle, R. G. (1997). System dynamics modelling: A practical approach. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 48(5), 544. [DOI:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600682]
Dethine, B., Enjolras, M., & Monticolo, D. (2020). Digitalization and SMEs’ export management: Impacts on resources and capabilities. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 18-34. [DOI:10.22215/timreview/1344]
Doh, J., Rodrigues, S., Saka-Helmhout, A. S., & Makhija, M. (2017). International business responses to institutional voids. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(3), 293-307. [DOI:10.1057/s41267-017-0074-z]
Ezzati, H., & Akbari, M. (2019). [Challenges and barriers of the internationalization of rural SMEs (Persian)]. Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development, 6(1), 1-16. [DOI:10.22069/jead.2020.17390.1397]
Hanafi, S., Nematizadeh, S., Ziyae, B., & Haghighatmonfared, J. (2022). [Model designing of internationalization speed of high-tech businesses (case study: Pharmaceutical industry) (Persian)]. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 15(3), 421-438. [DOI:10.22059/JED.2022.337252.653871]
Hervé, A., Schmitt, C., & Baldegger, R. (2020). Digitalization, entrepreneurial orientation and internationalization of micro-, small-and medium-sized enterprises. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 5-17. [DOI:10.22215/timreview/1343]
Heidari, O., Samari, D., Mosakhani, M., & beishami, B. (2020). [The challenges of internationalizing agritourism businesses in Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Tourism and Development, 9(2), 113-130. [DOI:10.22034/JTD.2019.200282.1814]
Iran Center for E-Commerce Development. (2021). [Iran’s annual e-commerce report in 2021 (Persian)]. Tehran: Iran Center for E-Commerce Development. [Link]
Jin, H., & Hurd, F. (2018). Exploring the impact of digital platforms on SME internationalization: New Zealand SMEs use of the Alibaba platform for Chinese market entry. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 19(2), 72-95. [DOI:10.1080/10599231.2018.1453743]
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411-1431. [DOI:10.1057/jibs.2009.24]
Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L. G. (2015). Internationalization in industrial systems-a network approach. International Journal of Management and Organization, 1-19. [DOI:10.1057/9781137508829.0011]
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm-a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8, 23-32. [DOI:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676]
Knight, G. (2015), Born global firms: Evolution of a contemporary phenomenon. Entrepreneurship in International Marketing, 25, 3-19. [DOI:10.1108/S1474-797920140000025001]
Kuivalainen, O., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (2012). Start-up patterns of internationalization: A framework and its application in the context of knowledge-intensive SMEs. European Management Journal, 30(4), 372-385. [DOI:10.1016/j.emj.2012.01.001]
Knight, J. (1994). Internationalization: Elements and checkpoints. CBIE Research No. 7. Ottawa: Canadian Bureau for International Education. [Link]
Luo, Y. (2022). A general framework of digitization risks in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(2), 344–361. [DOI:10.1057/s41267-021-00448-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lee, Y. Y., Falahat, M., & Sia, B. K. (2019). Impact of digitalization on the speed of internationalization. International Business Research, 12(4), 1-11. [DOI:10.5539/ibr.v12n4p1]
Lee, H., Kelley, D., Lee, J. & Lee, S. (2012), SME survival: The impact of internationalization, technology resources, and alliances. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(1), 1-19. [DOI:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00341.x]
Monaghan, S., Tippmann, E., & Coviello, N. (2020). Born digitals: Thoughts on their internationalization and a research agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(1), 11-22. [DOI:10.1057/s41267-019-00290-0]
Moghadas Nikoo, S. N., Sanaeepour, H., Samiee, R., & Karampour, A. (2021). [Indices of internationalization of family businesses in Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development, 8(2), 33-48. [DOI:10.22069/jead.2021.19224.1497]
Mobini Dehkordi, A., Nankali, A., & Jame Bozorgi, M. (2017). [Investigating the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on internationalization of companies in glass and crystal industry by mediating role of organizational culture (Persian)]. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 9(4), 711-729. [DOI:10.22059/jed.2017.61553]
McDougall, P. P., Shane, S. A., & Oviatt, B. M. (1994). Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(6), 469-487. [DOI:10.1016/0883-9026(94)90017-5]
Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 45-64. [DOI:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490193]
Peng, M. W. (2021). Global strategy. Boston: Cengage learning. [Link]
Peng, M. W., Sun, S. L., Pinkham, B., & Chen, H. (2009). The institution-based view as a third leg for a strategy tripod. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(3), 63-81. [DOI:10.5465/amp.2009.43479264]
Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1), 25-40. [Link]
Roque, A. F. M, Alves, M. G., & Raposo, M. L. (2019). Internationalization strategies revisited: Main models and approaches. IBIMA Business Review, 2019, 1-10. [DOI:10.5171/2019.681383]
Ranjbar, H., Daei Karimzade, S., & Marvi, A. (2013). [Global governance; parameters and instruments (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 3(9), 29-66. [Link]
Rennie, M. W. (1993). Global competitiveness: Born global. The McKinsey Quarterly, 1993(4): 45-52. [Link]
Rostami, M., Namamian, F., Slambolchi, A., & Sohrabi, R. (2020). [Themes and challenges of Iran’s strategic export capacity in the Iraqi market (a comparative study of Iran and Turkey in the Iraqi Market) (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 10(35), 232-253. [Link]
Soriano, D. R., & Castrogiovanni, G. J. (2012). The impact of education, experience and inner circle advisors on SME performance: Insights from a study of public development centers. Small Business Economics, 38, 333-349. [DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9278-3]
Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (2004). A global mindset - a prerequisite for successful internationalization? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 51-64. [DOI:10.1111/j.1936-4490.2004.tb00322.x]
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. [DOI:10.2307/259271]
Sobel, R. S. (2008). Testing Baumol: Institutional quality and the productivity of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 641-655. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.004]
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. [Link]
Zarghami, S. H., & Eskandaran, M. (2017). [Glocalization: new term for new reality (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 6(21), 105-122. [Link]