Policy Entrepreneurs Strategies in Creating and Exploiting Policy Windows in Iran's Energy Sector; The Case of IGT25 Turbine

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Technology and Entrepreneurship Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Technology and Entrepreneurship Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Operation Management and Information Technology, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Iran's energy industry has been investigated from different points of view such as innovation systems, technological catch-up and corporate strategies. The purpose of this research is to understand the role of leadership, regardless of the structural and functional elements of innovation systems, in technological developments in Iran's energy sector. In fact, this research has sought to clarify the role of the policy entrepreneur and his interaction with other key players in the process of policy changes in specific time periods that are referred to as windows of opportunity. Therefore, in addition to understanding the policy entrepreneurship process, the interaction between the policy entrepreneur and the innovation leader in recognizing the problems and providing solutions in order to create and exploit windows of opportunity has also been examined. In this regard, the case study method has been used to investigate one of the most important experiences of capability development in Iran's energy industry, i.e. the production of IGT25 turbine, and thematic analysis method has been used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the evolution of technological capabilities, sanctions and entrepreneur's strategies such as persuasion of opponents, ideation and display of capabilities have created a window of opportunity to develop turbine production and design capabilities. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of political entrepreneurship and innovation leadership, common backgrounds and their interaction is an important factor in the success of policy changes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1‐2), 11-26. [DOI:10.1002/sej.4]
Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (2010). Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [DOI:10.7208/chicago/9780226039534.001.0001]
Becker, A., Knyphausen-Aufseß, D., & Brem, A. (2015). Beyond traditional developmental models: A fresh perspective on entrepreneurial new venture creation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 7(2), 152-172. [DOI:10.1504/IJEV.2015.068591]
Becker Pessolani, C. G. (2016). An application of the multiple streams framework to the analysis of the inclusion of solar energy in the energy mix in Paraguay. Latin American Policy, 7(1), 163-186. [DOI:10.1111/lamp.12089]
Böcher, M. (2016). The role of policy entrepreneurs in regional governance processes. In M. Böcher (Ed.), Entrepreneurship in the polis (pp. 73-86). Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis. [Link]
Brouwer, S., & Biermann, F. (2011). Towards adaptive management: Examining the strategies of policy entrepreneurs in Dutch water management. Ecology and Society, 16(4), 5. [DOI:10.5751/ES-04315-160405]
Cairney, P. (2018). Three habits of successful policy entrepreneurs. Policy & Politics, 46(2), 199-215. [DOI:10.1332/030557318X15230056771696]
Cohen, M. D., March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1972). A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1), 1-25. [DOI:10.2307/2392088]
Cohen, N., & Naor, M. (2013). Reducing dependence on oil? How policy entrepreneurs utilize the national security agenda to recruit government support: The case of electric transportation in Israel. Energy Policy, 56, 582-590. [DOI:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.025]
Crow, D. A. (2010). Policy entrepreneurs, issue experts, and water rights policy change in Colorado. Review of Policy Research, 27(3), 299-315. [DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2010.00443.x]
 
Danaeefard, H., & Abbasi, T. (2017). [Policy change theories: The implications for Iran (Persian)]. Tehran: Mehraban_book Publication. [Link]
Dahl, R. A. (2005). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city. New Haven: Yale University Press. [Link]
David, C. P. (2015). Policy entrepreneurs and the reorientation of national security policy under the G. W. bush administration (2001‐04). Politics & Policy, 43(1), 163-195. [DOI:10.1111/polp.12106]
DeLeon, I. G., & Iwata, B. A. (1996). Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(4), 519–533. [DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-519] [PMID] [PMCID]
Dosi, G. (1982). Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: A suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change. Research Policy, 11(3), 147-162. [DOI:10.1016/0048-7333(82)90016-6]
Drucker, P. F. (1985). The changed world economy. Foreign Affairs, 64(4), 768-791. [DOI:10.2307/20042687]
Fligstein, N. (1997). Social skill and institutional theory. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(4), 397-405. [DOI:10.1177/0002764297040004003]
François, A. (2003). The political entrepreneur and the coordination of the political process: A market process perspective of the political market. The Review of Austrian Economics, 16(2), 153-168. [DOI:10.1023/A:1024588606724]
Giambartolomei, G., Forno, F., & Sage, C. (2021). How food policies emerge: The pivotal role of policy entrepreneurs as brokers and bridges of people and ideas. Food Policy, 103, 102038. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102038]
Gliedt, T., Hoicka, C. E., & Jackson, N. (2018). Innovation intermediaries accelerating environmental sustainability transitions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 174, 1247-1261. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.054]
Gunn, A. (2017). Policy entrepreneurs and policy formulation. In Handbook of policy formulation In M. Howlett, & I. Mukherjee (Eds.), Handbook of Policy Formulation (pp. 265-282). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. [DOI:10.4337/9781784719326.00024]
Heirani, H., Bagheri Moghaddam, N., & Mosayebi, A. (2022). [Investigate the challenges of technological local content development in oil and gas industry and provide policy recommendations (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 12(44), 2-23. [DOI:10.22034/sspp.2022.546427.3113]
Hogan, J., & Feeney, S. (2012). Crisis and policy change: The role of the political entrepreneur. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 3(2), 1-24. [DOI:10.1515/1944-4079.1108]
Johannesson, L., & Qvist, M. (2020). Navigating the policy stream: Contested solutions and organizational strategies of policy entrepreneurship. International Review of Public Policy, 2(1), 5-23. [DOI:10.4000/irpp.740]
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. [DOI:10.2307/258557]
Kim, Y., Min, B., & Cha, J. (1999). The roles of R&D team leaders in Korea: A contingent approach. R&d Management, 29(2), 153-166. [DOI:10.1111/1467-9310.00126]
Kingdon, J. (2014). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. New York: Pearson. [Link]
Kirzner, I. M. (1989). Discovery, capitalism, and distributive justice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. [Link]
Koen, P., Ajamian, G., Burkart, R., Clamen, A., Davidson, J., & D’Amore, R., et al. (2001). Providing clarity and a common language to the “fuzzy front end. Research-Technology Management, 44(2), 46-55. [DOI:10.1080/08956308.2001.11671418]
Kozioł-Nadolna, K. (2020). The role of a leader in stimulating innovation in an organization. Administrative Sciences, 10(3), 59. [DOI:10.3390/admsci10030059]
Kremer, H., Villamor, I., & Aguinis, H. (2019). Innovation leadership: Best-practice recommendations for promoting employee creativity, voice, and knowledge sharing. Business Horizons, 62(1), 65-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.010]
Lindblom, C. E. (1968). The policy-making. Hoboken: Prentice-Hall. [Link]
Llamosas, C., Upham, P., & Blanco, G. (2018). Multiple streams, resistance and energy policy change in Paraguay (2004-2014). Energy Research & Social Science, 42, 226-236. [DOI:10.1016/j.erss.2018.03.011]
Lu, H., Mayer, A. L., Wellstead, A. M., & Zhou, S. (2020). Can the dual identity of policy entrepreneur and policy implementer promote successful policy adoption? Vertical greening policymaking in Shanghai, China. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 13(1), 113-128. [DOI:10.1080/17516234.2019.1631241]
Meijerink, S., & Huitema, D. (2010). Policy entrepreneurs and change strategies: Lessons from sixteen case studies of water transitions around the globe. Ecology and Society, 15(2), 21. [DOI:10.5751/ES-03509-150221]
Mintrom, M. (2019). So you want to be a policy entrepreneur? Policy Design and Practice, 2(4), 307-323. [DOI:10.1080/25741292.2019.1675989]
Mintrom, M., & Luetjens, J. (2017). Policy entrepreneurs and problem framing: The case of climate change. Environment and Planning C, 35(8), 1362-1377. [DOI:10.1177/2399654417708440]
Mutch, A. (2007). Reflexivity and the institutional entrepreneur: A historical exploration. Organization Studies, 28(7), 1123-1140. [DOI:10.1177/0170840607078118]
Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). The schumpeterian tradeoff revisited. The American Economic Review, 72(1), 114-132. [Link]
Oborn, E., Barrett, M., & Exworthy, M. (2011). Policy entrepreneurship in the development of public sector strategy: The case of London health reform. Public Administration, 89(2), 325–344. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01889.x] [PMID]
Polsby, N. W. (1985). Prospects for pluralism. Society, 22(2), 30-34. [DOI:10.1007/BF02695378]
Ranjbar, M., Jafari, H., Akbari, R., Ziadpour, H., Golmakani, F., & Nazari-Moghadam, M. (2022). Analysis of the health sector evolution plan from the viewpoint of out-of-pocket payment: A multiple streams model. Health Management & Information Science, 9(2), 107-115. [DOI:10.30476/JHMI.2022.95687.1133]
Rahmani, S., & Safdari Ranjbar, M. (2021). [Endogenizing windows of opportunity with the goal of technological catch-up based on sustainable transition: Wind turbines in Iran (Persian)]. Innovation Management Journal, 9(4), 7-34. [Link]
Ridde, V. (2009). Policy implementation in an African state: An extension of kingdon’s multiple‐streams approach. Public Administration, 87(4), 938-954. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01792.x]
Roberts, N. C. (1992). Roberts: Public entrepreneurship and innovation. Review of Policy Research, 11(1), 55-74. [DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1992.tb00332.x]
Roberts, N. C., & King, P. J. (1996). Transforming public policy: Dynamics of policy entrepreneurship and innovation. Hoboken: Wiley. [Link]
Roth, M. (2011). Poland as a policy entrepreneur in European external energy policy: Towards greater energy solidarity vis-à-vis Russia? Geopolitics, 16(3), 600-625. [DOI:10.1080/14650045.2011.520865]
Rotmans, J. (2006). Tools for integrated sustainability assessment: A two-track approach. Integrated Assessment Bridging Science & Policy, 6(4), 12-29. [Link]
Ruvalcaba-Gomez, E. A., Criado, J. I., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2020). Analyzing open government policy adoption through the multiple streams framework: The roles of policy entrepreneurs in the case of Madrid. Public Policy and Administration, 38(2), 233-264. [DOI:10.1177/0952076720936349]
Safdari Ranjbar, M., Rahmanseresht, H., Ghazinoori, S. S., & Manteghi, M. (2019). [How diversity and dynamism of government policies affect the formation and evolution of strategic industries: A case study of Iran’s gas turbine industry (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 9(31), 59-75. [Link]
Safdari Ranjbar, M., Rahmanseresht, H., Manteghi, M., & Ghazi Noori, S. S. (2016). [Factors driving latecomer firms technological capability acquiring and building in manufacturing complex product systems: The case of oil turbo compressor company (OTC) (Persian)]. Innovation Management Journal, 5(3), 1-26. [Link]
Sabatier, P. A. (1988). An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sciences, 21(2), 129-168. [DOI:10.1007/BF00136406]
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). The advocacy coalition framework. In P. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 189-220). New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780367274689-7]
Saidi, A. A. (2021). [Technocracy and economic policy in Iran (Persian)]. Tehran: Lohefekr Publication. [Link]
Sætren, H. (2016). From controversial policy idea to successful program implementation: the role of the policy entrepreneur, manipulation strategy, program design, institutions and open policy windows in relocating Norwegian central agencies. Policy Sciences, 49(1), 71-88. [DOI:10.1007/s11077-016-9242-4]
Schneider, M., & Teske, P. (1992). Toward a theory of the political entrepreneur: Evidence from local government. The American Political Science Review, 86(3), 737-747. [DOI:10.2307/1964135]
Schumpeter, J. A. (1987). Capitalism, socialism and democracy-Counterpoint edition. London: Roltedge. [Link]
Tamassoki, E., Mohammadi Kangarani, H., Ashtarian, K., Arashk, H., & Naderi, F. (2022). [Analysis of land reforms law based on Kingdon’s theory of multiple streams (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 12(43), 130-162. [DOI:10.22034/sspp.2022.546449.3114]
Tushman, M. L., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1996). Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8-29. [DOI:10.2307/41165852]
Van der Steen, M., & Groenewegen, J. (2009). Policy entrepreneurship: Empirical inquiry into policy agents and institutional structures. Journal of Innovation Economics Management, 2(n° 4), 41-61. [DOI:10.3917/jie.004.0041]
Villalobos Dintrans, P., Alliende, T., Palacios, J., Contrucci, I., & Browne, J. (2023). Long-term care in the agenda: The case of chile. Health Systems and Reform, 9(1), 2163470.[DOI:10.1080/23288604.2022.2163470] [PMID]
Wagner, C. G., Docksai, R., & Cohen, A. M. (2009). Innovation and creativity in a complex world. The Futurist, 43(6), 52-58. [Link]
Weber, J. (2017). Policy entrepreneurs and opportunities: Establishing a model of policy change through bicycle infrastructure at the municipal level. Transportation Research Part A, 101, 252-263. [DOI:10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.038]
Zahra, S. A. (2008). The virtuous cycle of discovery and creation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(3), 243-257. [DOI:10.1002/sej.47]
Zhu, Y., & Xiao, D. (2015). Policy entrepreneur and social policy innovation in China. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 2(1), 1-17. [DOI:10.1186/s40711-015-0012-z]
Strategic Studies of public policy
Volume 13, Issue 46
May 2023
Pages 94-123

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics