تبیین کارکردهای مناطق آزاد در نظام نوآوری ایران و اقتصاددانش‌بنیان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اداری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 استادیار پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

3 دکتری اقتصادی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اداری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

چکیده

مناطق آزاد اقتصادی یکی از بازیگران متنوع نظام ملی نوآوری است که چشم‌پوشی از آنها و یا کاستی تعاملات آنها موجب کاهش عملکرد اقتصادی می‌شود. این مناطق در کشورهای درحال توسعه از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است؛ چرا که با جذب دانش و فناوری و نفوذ در بازار‌های جهانی موجب حمایت از بازیگران داخلی می‌شوند. ایفای چنین نقشی مستلزم فهم نظری این مناطق و تبیین کارکردهای مناسب آنها در نظام نوآوری است. مطالعه حاضر با بکارگیری مبانی نظری اقتصاددانش‌بنیان و کارکردهای نظام نوآوری، برای پوشش این خلا با استفاده از رهیافت استنتاج توضیحی- تبیینی بر اساس داده‌های مستخرج از مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته (12 خبره)، اقدام به استخراج کارکردهای مناطق آزاد اقتصادی در نظام نوآوری کرده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که مناطق آزاد می‌توانند به عنوان محیط آزمون نوآوری، محل آزمایش‌ سیاست‌های نوآوری، انتقال‌دهنده دانش و فناوری، توسعه خوشه‌های نوآوری، تسهیل خلق نوآوری برای شرکت‌های ‌خارج از نظام نوآوری، شبکه‌سازی و همکاری‌های بین‌المللی و جذب سرمایه‌گذاری خطرپذیر خارجی عمل کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


منابع فارسی
افتخار جهرمی، گ.، و رضوانی، ا. (1395). الگوی خصوصی‌سازی ساختار اداره مناطق آزاد تجاری، فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی، 7(26)، 275-249.
دهمرده قلعه نو ، ن.، علی احمدی، ن.، و قادری، ع. ع. (1398). ارزیابی و اولویت بندی مناطق آزاد کشور و تاثیرآن در توسعه اقتصادی این مناطق، سیاست های راهبردی و کلان، 7(25)، 123-108.
شاوردی، م.، و ناظمی، ا. (1396). مروری بر سیاست‌گذاری نوآوری در چین. مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی، 7(24)، 247-233.
شفیعی رودپشتی، م.، بهرامی، ف.، و کریمی شوهانی، ف. (1398). ارائه الگوی رقابت‌پذیری در مناطق آزاد تجاری. کاوش‌های مدیریت بازرگانی، 11(21), 207-181.
شیبانی، ع.، و عبدی پور فرد، ا. (1399). آسیب‌شناسی ساختار و مقررات سازمان مناطق آزاد تجاری-صنعتی با معیارهای حکمرانی شرکتی در بخش عمومی. فصلنامه دانش حقوق عمومی، 9(29)، 90-69
 موسوی, آ.، و احمدی، ح.(1399). استخراج ویژگی‌های اصلی نظام ملی نوآوری ایران از‌طریق ترکیب نظام‌مند تحقیقات. مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی، 10(24) ، 127-102.
References
European Chamber of Commerce in Korea. (2020). Guide to regulatory sandbox and government burden of proof. Retrieved from: [Link]
 Digital Skills and Jobs Platform. (2022 ). Cybersecurity skills academy: A coordinated approach to boost the EU cyber workforce. Retrieved from: [Link]
Acemoglu, D., Akcigit, U., & Kerr, W. R. (2016). Innovation network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(41), 11483–11488. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1613559113] [PMID] [PMCID]
Aggarwal, A. (2022). Special economic zones in the indonesia-malaysia-thailand growth triangle. New Delhi: Asian Development Bank. [DOI:10.22617/TCS210449-2]
Alaassar, A., Mention, A. L., & Aas, T. H. (2020). Exploring how social interactions influence regulators and innovators: The case of regulatory sandboxes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 120257. [DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120257]
Armstrong, H., Gorst, C., & Rae, J. (2019). Renewing regulation: Anticipatory regulation in an age of disruption. London: Nesta. [Link]
Attrey, A., Lesher, M., & Lomax, C. (2020). The role of sandboxes in promoting flexibility and innovation in the digital age. Paris: OECD Going Digital Toolkit Policy Note. [Link]
Financial Conduct Authority. (2015). Regulatory sandbox. London: Financial Conduct Authority. [Link]
Bell, G. G. (2005). Clusters, networks, and firm innovativeness. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 287-295. [DOI:10.1002/smj.448]
Bergek, A., & Jacobsson, S. (2003). The emergence of a growth industry: A comparative analysis of the German, Dutch and Swedish wind turbine industries. In J. Stan Metcalfe, & U. Cantner (Eds.), transformation and development (pp. 197-227). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2720-0_12]
Bhatia, A., Matthan, R., Khanna, T., & Balsari, S. (2020). Regulatory sandboxes: A cure for mHealth pilotitis? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), e21276. [DOI:10.2196/21276]
Borrás, S., & Edquist, C. (2013). The choice of innovation policy instruments. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(8), 1513-1522. [DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.03.002]
Burd, J. T. J. (2021). Regulatory sandboxes for safety assurance of autonomous vehicles. Journal of Low and Public Affairs, 7(1), 195-210. [Link]
Capron, H., & Meeusen, W. (2000). The national innovation system of Belgium. Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-57688-1]
Chen, D. H. C., & Dahlman, C. J. (2005). The knowledge economy, the KAM methodology and world bank operations. Pennsylvania: World Bank Institute Working Paper. [Link]
Cling, J. P., & Letilly, G. (2001). Export processing zones: A threatened instrument for global economy insertion? Retrieved from: [Link]
Dahmarde, N., Aliahmadi, N., & Ghaderi, A. (2019). [Evaluating and prioritizing the free trade zones of the country and their impact on the economic development of these regions (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic Policies, 7(25), 108-123. [DOI:10.32598/JMSP.7.1.108]
Dosi, G. (1988). Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation. Journal of Economic Literature, 26(3), 1120-1171. [Link]
Dubois, A., & Gadde, L. E. (2002). Systematic combining: An abductive approach to case research. Journal of Business Research, 55(7), 553-560. [DOI:10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00195-8]
Edsand, H. E. (2019). Technological innovation system and the wider context: A framework for developing countries. Technology in Society, 58, 101150. [DOI:10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101150]
Eftekhar Jahromi, G., & Rezvani, E. (2016). [Privatization model of administrative framworke of free trade zones (Persian)]. Journal of Strategic Management Studies, 7(26), 249-275. [Link]
Fischer, M. M., Thill, J. C., van Dijk, J., & Westlund, H.(2003). Regional clusters: What we know and what we should know. In M. J. Enright (Ed.), Innovation clusters and interregional competition (pp. 99-129). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-24760-9_6]
Farole, T. (2011). Special economic zones in Africa: Comparing performance and learning from global experiences. Washington: World Bank Publications. [DOI:10.1596/978-0-8213-8638-5]
Feldman, M. P. (1994). The geography of innovation. Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-3333-5]
Feldman, M. P., & Link, A. N. (2001). Innovation policy in the knowledge-based economy. Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4615-1689-7_1]
Feng, C. (2020). [Innovative performance promotion effect of free trade zone (Chinese)]. World Scientific Research Journal, 6(4), 327-336. [Link]
Ferrary, M., & Granovetter, M. (2009). The role of venture capital firms in Silicon Valley’s complex innovation network. Economy and Society, 38(2), 326-359. [DOI:10.1080/03085140902786827]
The Multi Donor Investment Climate Advisory Service of the World Bank Group. (2008). Special economic zones performance, lessons learned, and implications for zone development. Washington: The World Bank. [Link]
Foray, D. (1996). The knowledge-based economy. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. [Link]
Freeman, C. (1987). Technology policy and economic performance: Lessons from Japan. London: Pinter Publishers.
Frick, S., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2019). Are special economic zones in emerging countries a catalyst for the growth of surrounding areas? Transnational Corporations Journal, 26(2):75-94. [DOI:10.18356/0554caef-en]
Gemser, G., Leenders, M. A. A. M., & Wijnberg, N. J. (1996). The dynamics of inter-firm networks in the course of the industry life cycle: The role of appropriability. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(4), 439-454. [DOI:10.1080/09537329608522462]
Gerlach, H., Rønde, T., & Stahl, K. (2009). Labor pooling in R&D intensive industries. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1), 99-111. [DOI:10.1016/j.jue.2008.10.001]
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31. [DOI:10.1177/1094428112452151]
Hall, B. H., & Rosenberg, N. (2010). The financing of R&D and innovation. In B. H. Hall, & J. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (pp. 609-639). Amsterdam: Elsevier. [DOI:10.1016/S0169-7218(10)01014-2]
Harrison, B., Kelley, M. R., & Gant, J. (1996). Innovative firm behavior and local milieu: Exploring the intersection of agglomeration, firm effects, and technological change. Economic Geography, 72(3), 233-258. [DOI:10.2307/144400]
Hausmann, R., Obach, J., & Santos, M. A. (2016). Special economic zones in Panama: Technology spillovers from a labor market perspective. Cambridge: Center for International Development at Harvard University. [Link]
Heilmann, S. (2008). Policy experimentation in China’s economic rise. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(1), 1-26. [DOI:10.1007/s12116-007-9014-4]
Hekkert, M. P., Suurs, R. A. A., Negro, S. O., Kuhlmann, S., & Smits, R. E. H. M. (2007). Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74(4), 413-432. [DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2006.03.002]
Hussain, E., & Rao, M. F. (2020). China-Pakistan economic cooperation: The case of special economic zones (SEZs). Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(4), 453-472. [DOI:10.1007/s40647-020-00292-5]
Jayanthakumaran, K. (2003). Benefit-cost appraisals of export processing zones: A survey of the literature. Development Policy Review, 21(1), 51-65. [DOI:10.1111/1467-7679.00198]
Johansson, H., & Nilsson, L. (1997). Export processing zones as catalysts. World Development, 25(12), 2115-2128. [DOI:10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00103-4]
Keeble, D., & Wilkinson, F. (1999). Collective learning and knowledge development in the evolution of regional clusters of high technology SMEs in Europe. Regional Studies, 33(4), 295-303. [DOI:10.1080/00343409950081167]
Knoth, C. (2000). Special economic zones and economic transformation. The case of the people’s republic of China [PhD Dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Konstanz. [Link]
Lall, S. (2000). Technological change and industrialization in the Asian newly industrializing economies. In L. Kim, & R. R. Nelson (Eds.), Technological learning and economic development: The experiences of newly industrializing economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Link]
Leydesdorff, L., & Meyer, M. (2006). Triple Helix indicators of knowledge-based innovation systems: Introduction to the special issue. Research Policy, 35(10), 1441-1449. [DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.016]
Lee, S., & Seo, Y. (2022). Exploring how interest groups affect regulation and innovation based on the two-level games: The case of regulatory sandboxes in Korea. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, 121880. [DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121880]
Liu, X., & White, S. (2001). Comparing innovation systems: A framework and application to China’s transitional context. Research Policy, 30(7), 1091-1114. [DOI:10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00132-3]
Lu, Y., Wang, J., & Zhu, L. (2019). Place-based policies, creation, and agglomeration economies: Evidence from China’s economic zone program. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 11(3), 325-360. [DOI:10.1257/pol.20160272]
Dominique, F., & Bengt-Ake, L. (1996). The knowledge-based economy: From the economics of knowledge to the learning economy. In B. Å. Lundvall, & D. Foray (Eds.), Employment and growth in the knowledge-based economy (pp. 115-121), Abingdon: Routledge. [Link]
Lundvall, B. Å. (1992). National systems of innovation: Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning.London: Anthem Press. [Link]
Madani, D. (1999). A review of the role and impact of export processing zones. Pennsylvania: World Bank Publications. [DOI:10.1596/1813-9450-2238]
Mousavi, A., & ahmadi, H. (2020). [Extracting the main features of Iran’s national innovation system through a systematic mix of research (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 10(34), 102-127. [Link]
Nelson, R. R. (Ed.). (1993). National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Link]
Norrby, C., & Åslund, S. (2021). The role of venture capital in innovation systems-a case study comparing the possible risks and rewards for volvo group venture capital between initiating investments in China, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. [MSc. Thesis]. Gothenburg: Chalmers University of Technology. [Link]
OECD. (2019). Going digital: Shaping policies, improving lives. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Link]
OECD. (1996). The implications of the knowledge-based economy for future science and technology policies. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2002). Benchmarking industry-science relations. Paris: OECD Publishing. [DOI:10.1787/9789264175105-en]
Office for Gas and Electricity Markets. (2018). What is a regulatory sandbox? Retrieved from: [Link]
Ortt, J. R., & Kamp, L. M. (2022). A technological innovation system framework to formulate niche introduction strategies for companies prior to large-scale diffusion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, 121671. [DOI:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121671]
Paye, J. C. (1996). Policies for a knowledge-based economy. OECD Observer, 200, 4-6. [Link]
Porter, M., & Ketels, C. (2003). UK competiveness: Moving to the next stage. Swindon: Economic and Social Research Council. [Link]
Richardson, G. B. (1996). Competition, innovation and increasing returns. Frederiksberg: Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics (DRUID). [Link]
Romer, P. M. (1993). Idea gaps and object gaps in economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3), 543-573. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3932(93)90029-F]
Romer, P. M. (1992). Two strategies for economic development: Using ideas and producing ideas. The World Bank Economic Review, 6(suppl_1), 63-91. [DOI:10.1093/wber/6.suppl_1.63]
Shafiee Roodposhti, M., Bahrami, F., & Karimizadeh Shvani, F. (2019). [Presenting the pattern of competition in free trade zones (Persian)]. Journal of Business Administration Researches, 11(21), 181-207. [DOI:10.22034/JBAR.2019.1555]
Shaverdi, M., & Nazemi, A. (2017). [Policy report; A review on innovation policy making in China (Persian)]. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 7(24), 233-247. [Link]
Sheibani, A., & Abdipour Fard, E. (2020). [Pathology of the structure and regulations of the free trade zones organization with corporate governance norms in the public sector (Persian)]. Public Law Knowledge Quarterly, 9(29), 69-90. [DOI:10.22034/QJPLK.2020.203]
Sternberg, R. (1996). Reasons for the genesis of high-tech regions-theoretical explanation and empirical evidence. Geoforum, 27(2), 205-223. [DOI:10.1016/0016-7185(96)00007-3]
Stiglitz, J. (1999). Public policy for a knowledge economy-remarks at the department for trade and industry and center for economic policy research. World Bank Group. 27(3), 3-6. [Link]
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2019). World investment report 2019: Special economic zones. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. [Link]
Van Aswegen, M., & Retief, F. P. (2020). The role of innovation and knowledge networks as a policy mechanism towards more resilient peripheral regions. Land Use Policy, 90, 104259. [DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104259]
World Bank. (1998). World development report 1998/1999: Knowledge for development. Washington: World Bank Group. [DOI:10.1596/978-0-1952-1118-4]
World Bank. (2007). Building knowledge economies: Advanced strategies for development. Washington: World Bank Group. [DOI:10.1596/978-0-8213-6957-9]
Wu, M., Liu, C., & Huang, J. (2021). The special economic zones and innovation: Evidence from China. China Economic Quarterly International, 1(4), 319-330. [DOI:10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.004]
Zeng, D. Z. (2012). China’s special economic zones and industrial clusters: Success and challenges. Cambridge: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. [Link]
Zeng, D. Z. (2016). Global experiences of special economic zones with focus on China and Africa: Policy insights. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 7(03), 1650018. [DOI:10.1142/S1793993316500186]